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spill containment
Spill containment is where spills of chemicals, oils, sewage etc. are contained within a barrier or drainage system rather than being absorbed at the surface. One method is to use an inflatable stopper or pneumatic bladder which is inserted into the outflow of a drainage system to create a containment vessel. In the event of a spill the stopper bladder is inflated to block the drain/s and to prevent the spilled agent from entering the ground water, stream or river.
The National Response Center (NRC)〔(), National Response Center.〕 reports over 10,000 annual spills in the US from facilities. All of these can employ the spill containment measures mentioned above.
Oils spills, when they occur, are detrimental to the surrounding environment, humans, and native wildlife. This type of spill is statistically rare, given how much oil is pumped, refined, transported, and stored each day. In 1999, according to US Coast Guard data, of over 3.2 billion barrels of oil transported by oil tanker in the US, fewer than 200 barrels were spilled.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.api.org/environment-health-and-safety/clean-water/oil-spill-prevention-and-response/spills-and-releases )〕 The occurrence of oil spills has decreased in the current decades, with approximately 77% less oil spilled since the 1970s. 〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.api.org/environment-health-and-safety/clean-water/oil-spill-prevention-and-response/spills-and-releases )〕 This is due to increased awareness and improved technology.
==Regulation==
In the United States, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulates the preparations and response to oil spills in inland waters, with the United States Coast Guard responding to spills in coastal waters. 〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www2.epa.gov/oil-spills-prevention-and-preparedness-regulations )〕 The EPA oil spill program is further broken down into two segments with different responsibilities. The Spill Prevention, Control, and Countermeasure works with facilities that may leak oil into local rivers, streams, or other bodies of water to prevent said leakage. The Facility Response Plan requires at-risk facilities to have a plan to follow in the event of an oil spill. Both were created to plug holes left in the Clean Water Act, in an amendment called the Oil Pollution Act of 1990.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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